Clinical Equine Ophthalmology Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• What is hyphaema, and why is it clinically significant in equine ophthalmology?
• Which statement accurately describes lens-induced uveitis?
• Which surgical option may be considered for refractory glaucoma in horses?
• Which drug is commonly used as an alpha-2 agonist for standing ocular examination in horses?
• Dazzle reflex involves which cranial nerve?
• Ocular infiltrates may include which non-cellular material?
• Regarding corneal ulceration in horses, which statement is correct?
• In a descemetocele, which structure bulges through a thinned cornea?
• Which statement correctly describes anterior and posterior synechiae?
• Which finding is not a classic sign of glaucoma in horses?
• Equine recurrent uveitis is commonly referred to as moon blindness.
• Which equine herpesviruses are associated with punctate keratitis?
• Intraocular pressure measurements in horses can vary depending on what?
• On a direct ophthalmoscope, higher numbers indicate what?
• In corneal ulcer management, when are anti-proteases typically considered?
• Regarding SPL in therapy, which statement is true?
• Terramycin is composed of which ingredients?
• Striae are best described as?
• How can you distinguish a descemetocele from a full-thickness corneal perforation clinically and diagnostically?
• Which signs of ocular trauma in a horse require immediate evaluation?
• Subepithelial infiltrates are a listed cause of corneal haziness. Where are they located relative to the corneal layers?
• Which practice is recommended when monitoring corneal ulcers to reduce glare and artifacts during examination?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause of brown corneas?
• What is the purpose of atropine in management of equine uveitis?
• Which statement best describes the long-term management goal in equine recurrent uveitis?
• How should medications be given through SPLs?
• Chorioretinitis changes are depigmentation of which area?
• Which of the following is NOT a tenet of treatment for corneal ulceration?
• Menace response involves which cranial nerves?
• Palpebral reflex involves which nerves?
• Which of the following is a treatment option for uveitis?
• Where can sub-palpebral lavages be placed?
• Which magnification allows you to visualize the corneal layers—epithelium, stroma, and endothelium—during slit lamp examination?
• In equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), what is the presumed mechanism and the key long-term management goal?
• Name two essential components of the tear film and their primary roles in the equine eye.
• Chronic anterior uveitis in horses may lead to which posterior complication?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a feature of a complicated corneal ulcer?
• Which clinical sign indicates a surgical repair is needed for a corneal ulcer (descemetocele or perforation) in a horse?
• Eye position is controlled by which cranial nerves?
• Drugs used to tx stromal abscesses must be able to do what?
• For microbiologic assessment of suspected infectious keratitis, which samples are commonly collected?
• How do corneal neovascularization signs progress in ulcers?
• What does membrane placement provide in corneal ulcer therapy?
• In a broad slit lamp biomicroscopy exam, what is the starting lamp arm position and viewing approach?
• Which organism is a fungus commonly implicated in equine corneal ulcers?
• EMN changes result in which retinal change?
• Which statement best describes the management of nonhealing or deep corneal ulcers in horses requiring grafting?
• What does rose bengal stain?
• Infiltrates in an equine corneal ulcer can reflect healing. True or false?
• What should be verified before placing a steroid in an eye?
• ABX ointment can be administered through an SPL.
• What is a mechanism by which atropine sulfate helps treat uveitis?
• Which finding is an indication for surgical therapy in ocular lesions?
• Which depth category is Descemetocele?
• Which statement about antibiotic preparations for corneal ulcers is true?
• Which dye is used to stain dead or degenerating cells and mucus and is helpful for keratomycosis and punctate keratitis?
• Which diagnostic method includes Gram stain and fungal staining to detect pathogens in corneal ulcers?
• Which statement best describes the typical role of cycloplegia in managing equine ocular inflammation?
• Outline the general approach to glaucoma management in a horse.
• How is ocular neovascularization described with depth?
• Which of the following is a listed cause of corneal haziness?
• Which complication of chronic anterior uveitis can threaten vision by altering aqueous outflow?
• Which topical agent is used to anesthetize the cornea for blocks during equine ocular examination?
• Which feature is not typical of a corneal ulcer in horses?
• When should culture be performed during an ocular exam?
• Fluorescein stains which structure of the cornea?
• Ocular infiltrates may include which cellular component?
• Which description best matches the equine fundus?
• Which condition is listed as a cause of mydriasis?
• When using a direct ophthalmoscope to examine the retina, where should you begin?
• How is fluorescein stain best used?
• True or false: Surgical dehiscence is not uncommon after ocular surgery in horses.
• Which drug is used to dilate the pupil during an equine ocular examination?
• Which antibiotic provides Gram-positive coverage for ocular infections?
• For fluorescein evaluation, what lighting condition is recommended?
• What is the clinical term for recurrent immune-mediated uveitis in horses?
• Top 2 most common disorders of the equine eye are?
• What should be monitored in patients on atropine sulfate?
• What clinical sign most strongly suggests posterior segment involvement such as retinal detachment?
• The Auriculopalpebral nerve block is performed at or above which anatomical landmark?
• Which finding on slit lamp exam indicates keratic precipitates?
• Auriculopalpebral nerve block lasts approximately how long when using 1-2 cc carbocaine?
• What can occur after fungal death in a corneal infection?
• Fibrin in the eye is often what color and indicates what?
• Which of the following is a systemic NSAID option for uveitis treatment?
• Which of the following is a goal of ocular evaluation for corneal ulcers?
• Which of the following is a surgical option for severe equine corneal ulcers?
• What is the typical normal intraocular pressure range for a healthy horse?
• Which structure should be inspected for patency during fluorescein examination?
• What is the role of an amniotic membrane graft in equine corneal surgery?
• Schirmer tear testing is especially recommended in which condition?
• If rupture risk exists, which sampling method should be avoided for corneal cytology?
• Name one major complication associated with prolonged topical corticosteroid use in equine eyes.
• Triple/BNP ocular antibiotic combination contains which components?
• Name a surgical option for a persistent corneal ulcer not responding to medical therapy.
• What is the mechanism of corneal collagen cross-linking in equine ulcers?
• Which of the following is a cause of ocular-origin blindness?
• Which of the following is listed as a cause of brown corneas?
• What is the typical appearance of the optic disc in the equine fundus?
• Outline the typical initial therapy sequence for an acute corneal ulcer in a horse.
• Which antifungal therapy is commonly used for fungal keratitis in horses when natamycin is unavailable?
• Which describes typical corneal ulcers in horses?
• In a slit lamp examination, which slit width sequence and lighting angle are used?
• Which of the following is a recognized cause of hyphema?
• What is the purpose of cycloplegics in ocular inflammation management?
• What is another term for prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid in horses?
• The supraorbital nerve block targets which nerve?
• List three classic signs of glaucoma in the horse.
• After acute IOP reduction in equine glaucoma, what is the recommended next step in management?
• EMN abnormalities are associated with which retinal change?
• On B-scan, which finding is most indicative of retinal detachment?
• Which of the following are clinical signs of acute uveitis?
• Why is patching a horse corneal ulcer generally discouraged?
• How long does it typically take to see ocular dilation after topical atropine sulfate administration?
• The tear film assessment commonly performed to evaluate dry eye or epiphora in horses is:
• How can you differentiate anterior uveitis from conjunctivitis on slit-lamp examination?
• What is a limitation of membrane placement in corneal ulcer therapy?
• Ocular collapse can result from perforation and leaking or from which other condition?
• How would you differentiate a lid margin laceration from a conjunctival laceration in the horse?
• Is photophobia a classic sign of acute anterior uveitis in horses?
• In what cases are ocular cytology indicated?
• What is the normal intraocular pressure range in horses?
• Fluorescein stains what structures?
• Which diagnostic test most reliably confirms a corneal epithelial defect in a horse?
• Which statement best describes the progression of corneal ulcers?
• Which technique can be used as an advanced diagnostic tool for fungal corneal infections?
• Which statement describes prolapsed gland of the third eyelid in horses and the preferred surgical approach?
• Pupillary light reflex involves which cranial nerves?
• Which diagnostic method is most accurate for measuring lesion depth in corneal ulcers?
• In a horse with vision loss and an opaque media, what is the primary purpose of ocular ultrasound (B-scan)?
• Chorioretinitis results in which change?
• What should SPLs be monitored for daily?
• True or false: Surgical therapy for ocular lesions is usually sufficient as the lone treatment without medical therapy.
• What is the Seidel test?
• What sedation strategy is commonly used to facilitate a standing ocular examination in horses?
• Which bacterial agent has historically been associated with contagious keratoconjunctivitis in horses?
• The supraorbital nerve block provides sensory innervation to which portion of the upper eyelid?
• What is the initial management of a moderate superficial corneal ulcer in a horse to minimize progression?
• What is a stromal abscess?
• Which antibiotic provides Gram-negative coverage for ocular infections?
• Which antibiotic is a 4th generation fluoroquinolone used for ocular infections?
• How do you differentiate a corneal ulcer from an epithelial erosion in terms of depth?
• Distinguish lens-induced uveitis from primary anterior uveitis.
• Keratic precipitates are listed as a cause of corneal haziness and are associated with which process?
• How should a nonviable globe with scleral rupture be managed surgically?
• Which systemic infection is a known predisposer to anterior uveitis in horses?
• When is a culture swab indicated in corneal ulcer evaluation?
• Name a topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in horses for corneal pain relief and a key precaution.
• Name a common surgical option for persistent nasolacrimal duct obstruction in horses.
• Which imaging modality is most useful for evaluating the posterior segment when the fundus cannot be visualized in a standing horse?
• Which element is included in prognosis during evaluation of corneal ulcers?
• Which condition is commonly managed with urgent grafting or conjunctival flap to preserve the globe?
• Ocular infiltrates may also include which mineral or lipid components?
• Terramycin is a tetracycline-class agent used in ocular infections.
• Describe the Seidel test and its clinical purpose in equine ophthalmology.
• Which statement is NOT part of the typical initial therapy for an acute corneal ulcer in a horse?
• During slit lamp biomicroscopy after the broad exam, which setup is used?
• When managing equine eye protectors, which practice is recommended?
• Which statement about combination options for ocular antibiotics is correct?
• Which test can serve as an adjunctive diagnostic aid for infectious keratitis?
• Which antifungal agent is considered first-line for fungal keratitis in horses?
• Abnormalities of the corpora nigra can include which of the following?
• What is the potential role of topical cyclosporin A in recurrent uveitis management?
• What might suggest fungal infection in corneal ulcerations?
• Which combination therapy option specifies serum used separately from other treatments for corneal ulcers?
• Name two systemic analgesics commonly used in equine ocular emergencies.
• Which feature is most commonly associated with corneal perforation in the horse?
• What are the types of cataracts in horses?
• Which antibiotic listed is a macrolide used for Gram-positive ocular infections?
• When evaluating rose bengal stain, which setup is recommended?
• Aqueous flare indicates?
• What changes does optic nerve damage produce?
• Treatment for corneal ulceration can be intensive and prolonged.
• Which signs would indicate optic nerve involvement or an afferent pathway defect in a horse?
• Ocular collapse can be caused by which condition?
• What is the primary mechanism of action of anti-proteinases in corneal healing?
• Which antibiotic is a second-generation fluoroquinolone used in ocular infections?
• True or false: Serious corneal disease can be present without positive stain uptake.
• Which option best describes the relationship between uveitis and aqueous outflow?
• What are typical signs of conjunctivitis in horses?
• Identify two common causes of secondary glaucoma in horses.
• Hypopyon is typically caused by?
• Which finding indicates an afferent pathway defect in a horse?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause of lens luxation in horses?
• Which condition is listed as a cause of miosis?
• Define a descemetocele in corneal disease.
• What is the primary rationale for removing a nonviable globe in a horse?
• What dilution is recommended when using rose bengal stain to avoid damage to an ulcerated cornea?
• When is a corneal patch graft or conjunctival flap considered in equine ulcers?
• Which of the following is a direct sign of anterior chamber inflammation in acute uveitis?
• How is corneal cytology performed?
• Which statement describes the preparation of autologous serum or plasma used as anti-proteinase therapy?
• What does rapid corneal thinning with active inflammation suggest, and what is the urgent step?
• Which of the following is NOT an ocular antifungal option?
• Which diopter range is used to examine the vitreous with a direct ophthalmoscope?
• Corneal reflex involves which nerves?
• Which of the following is a classic sign of acute anterior uveitis in the equine patient?
• Which finding would suggest involvement of the posterior segment in a horse with vision loss?
• Which condition is listed as a cause of blue cornea or corneal edema?
• In the equine eye, where is the tapetum and what is its color?
• Hyphema increases the risk of which complication in horses?
• Which condition is listed as a cause of central-origin blindness?
• Which of the following is a clinical finding associated with corneal ulceration?
• Which test is commonly used to evaluate tear production in horses?
• In the initial management of corneal ulcers, what is the stance on topical steroids?
• Which agent is used to relieve ciliary spasm and help stabilize the blood-aqueous barrier in uveitis?